ISLAMIC HISTORY

 ISLAMIC HISTORY

Pre-Islamic Arabia: The Arabian Peninsula was inhabited by a variety of tribes and communities who practiced a variety of polytheistic practices prior to the coming of Islam. The major commercial and religious centers of Arabia were Mecca and Medina. The inhabitants of Arabia were speaking Arabic and were divided into clans.

The Prophet Muhammad and the early years of Islam
The Prophet Muhammad was born in Medina in the seventh century CE. He was introduced to the Quran, the holy book of Islam, by the angel Gabriel, who revealed to him the message of Allah (God). 
Muhammad's teachings focused on the unity of God and the sanctity of life. He and his followers moved from Mecca (then known as Medina) in 622 CE. Persecution forced them to move to Medina. This event marked the start of the Islam calendar.

During the Medina period, Muhammad established the first community of Muslims in Medina and assumed political and administrative positions. This community grew in size and power, and fought several battles against Meccan armies.

The conquest of Mecca took place in the year 630 CE, when Muhammad and his companions returned to Mecca. The city surrendered peacefully, and the Kaaba, one of the holiest sites in Islam, was razed to the ground, stripped of its idols, and restored to monotheist worship.

Muhammad died in 632 CE, and his death sparked a period of uncertainty about who should lead and who would succeed him. This led to a split between Sunnis and Shias over their respective beliefs about who should lead.

The Rashidun caliphs, also known as the Rightly Guided Calippes, succeeded Muhammad and expanded Islam through military conquests. They spread Islam across the Arabian peninsula, the Levant, and Egypt, as well as into Persia, North Africa, and Arabia.

The Umayyad caliphs, or Umayyads, were the first hereditary dynasties in the history of Islam. They moved their capital to Damascus and continued to expand the empire, including into what is now Spain. However, the Umayyads also faced internal divisions and conflicts.

Following the Umayyad conquest, the Abbasid Caliphate was established and its capital was moved to Baghdad. This period is widely regarded as the “Golden Age” of Islam, which was marked by advances in science, theology, literature, and commerce.

The Abbasid Empire eventually splintered into smaller states, and various Islamic empires such as the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires developed.
Colonialism and modernization

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many Islamic countries fell under European colonial rule. This led to social and political upheaval. As a result, Islamic reform movements such as Wahhabism and the modernist school of thought emerged.

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